Validity and Reliability of peer review

Validity refers to a study that is accurate and assesses given areas of study that the researcher should understand. Validity may be internal or external. This depends on the aspect of the study that the researcher wants to measure.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Validity and Reliability of peer review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Internal validity is the design of conducting research and how the decision making process is undertaken to get the best results. External validity explains the depth of study and the level of generalization and comparison with research studies that different authors conduct. Reliability refers to the extent to which a given research project can give consistent results and outcome. This is achieved when several experiments are done using the same procedure. In this case, the experiments are done using the same research tools and procedures even if conducted by different researche rs. However, the outcome should be similar. Reliable data from a research study should be relevant to the problems that the researcher should solve to help in the decision-making process (Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2007). Validity measures how an instrument can measure a given characteristic in a research field accurately. In this regard, similar results are expected when using a common procedure. When the experiment is done, and the results are compared, they should indicate the same outcome. For a research to be valid, the results should be verified by a peer in the same doctrine of study. A peer is a person who shares the same legal status in terms of education or even age. A peer can also be a person who shares qualifications or abilities with another researcher. Thus, in a health and medicine field, it is important for researchers to undertake peer review of a given study. Peer review is important because it helps to check the validity of any results derived from a research study. In the field of medicine, the researcher should consult widely with peers to find solutions to health issues that affect people. Peer review help to compare the best approach to a given ailment and thus better drugs are provided to people (Gerrish Lacey, 2010). On the other hand, reliability can be enhanced by conducting peer review among different people in the same field of study to find the best result and outcome that can be relied upon by all. Having peer review helps in determining the consistency of results in the area of study.Advertising Looking for article on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Two health officer researchers can review one another’s work on a given topic to expound on the topic. This helps to eradicate any errors that might have occurred during the initial stages of research. Peer review helps in comparing the analysis of each health officer and to gauge the consistency o f the data used in the research. Test and retesting can be done on the data to bring out the consistency in results while following the required procedure. The review can be done by a committee to ascertain consistency of the data because human decisions are classified as reliable if different people come to the same conclusion and results. Peer reviews that are done by committees should be supervised so as to achieve the objectives of the research. Thus, the committee should have access to information from other professionals in the same field of study who can check for consistency of the information. Therefore, for a given health and medical information to be considered valid and reliable, it should have undergone a peer review. In this case, it is crucial to certify the information given by the researcher on the topic (Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2007). References Gerrish, K. Lacey, A. (2010). The research process in nursing. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell. Lipp incott Williams Wilkins. (2007). Best practices: Evidence-based nursing procedures. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. This article on Validity and Reliability of peer review was written and submitted by user Macey Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on DNA Fingerprint

DNA Fingerprint Like the fingerprints identification that came in to use by detectives a police labs during the 1930s each person has a unique DNA fingerprint. Unlike a conventional fingerprint that occurs only on the on the finger tips and can be altered by surgery, a DNA fingerprint is the same for every cell, tissue and organ of a person, and it can not be alters by any known treatment, therefore the DNA Fingerprint is rapidly becoming the primary method for Identifying and distinguishing among individual human beings. The Structure of DNA The characteristics of all living organisms, including humans, are essentially determined by information contained within DNA that they inherit from their parents. The Molecular structure of DNA can be imagined as a zipper with each tooth represented by one of four letters (A, C, G or T) and with opposite teeth forming one of two pairs, either A-T or G-C. The letter A, C, G and T stands for adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, the basic building blocks of DNA. The information contained on the DNA is determined primarily by the sequence of letters along the zipper. Living organism that looks different or have different characteristics also have different DNA sequences. The more varied the organisms, the more varied the DNA sequences. DNA fingerprinting is very quick way to compare the DNA sequences of any two living organisms. The usage of DNA finger printing is most common in health care research and in the justice system. The FBI and police labs around the United States have begun to use DNA fingerprints to link suspects to biological evidence-blood or semen stains, hair or items of clothing- found at the scene of a crime, and since 1987 hundreds of cases have been decided with the assistance of DNA fingerprint evidence. Another Important use of DNA fingerprints in the court system is to establish paternity in custody and child support litigation. In these applications, DNA finge... Free Essays on DNA Fingerprint Free Essays on DNA Fingerprint DNA Fingerprint Like the fingerprints identification that came in to use by detectives a police labs during the 1930s each person has a unique DNA fingerprint. Unlike a conventional fingerprint that occurs only on the on the finger tips and can be altered by surgery, a DNA fingerprint is the same for every cell, tissue and organ of a person, and it can not be alters by any known treatment, therefore the DNA Fingerprint is rapidly becoming the primary method for Identifying and distinguishing among individual human beings. The Structure of DNA The characteristics of all living organisms, including humans, are essentially determined by information contained within DNA that they inherit from their parents. The Molecular structure of DNA can be imagined as a zipper with each tooth represented by one of four letters (A, C, G or T) and with opposite teeth forming one of two pairs, either A-T or G-C. The letter A, C, G and T stands for adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine, the basic building blocks of DNA. The information contained on the DNA is determined primarily by the sequence of letters along the zipper. Living organism that looks different or have different characteristics also have different DNA sequences. The more varied the organisms, the more varied the DNA sequences. DNA fingerprinting is very quick way to compare the DNA sequences of any two living organisms. The usage of DNA finger printing is most common in health care research and in the justice system. The FBI and police labs around the United States have begun to use DNA fingerprints to link suspects to biological evidence-blood or semen stains, hair or items of clothing- found at the scene of a crime, and since 1987 hundreds of cases have been decided with the assistance of DNA fingerprint evidence. Another Important use of DNA fingerprints in the court system is to establish paternity in custody and child support litigation. In these applications, DNA finge...

Oka Conflict of Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Oka Conflict of Canada - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that political conflicts are the most common form of conflicts occurring among many regions around the world. These disputes are caused by different reasons and despite their nature being political; the fundamental course defines the actual conflict. Environmental conflicts refer to disputes occurring between different interest groups because of existing resources available within the natural environment. These conflicts are defined through the various natural resources available within the environment, which might be lost or gained following the occurrence of the conflict. The nature of the Oka conflict results in the identification of the conflict as being environmental. The disputed land that the conflicting parties were interested in contained numerous resources that the government and the Mohawk community were interested in keeping. The hard-line stands that each party maintained contributed significantly in the development of the conflict, from a simple dispute, to become a full-blown conflict between different parties. The failure to effectively resolve the environmental dispute resulted in the explosion of the dispute to become a conflict. As the paper highlights the environmental dispute involved land, which was utilised by the Mohawk community as their ancestral land although the community did not have sufficient prrof of ownership of the land. Documentation for the land ownership by the community had not been of any significance until the dispute occurred. The community had lived within the confines of the land and developed an attachment to the land, which would be extremely difficult to break. This community has been involved in numerous land claims with the government, which have always been rejected by the government. The local community had continuously sought injunctions to prevent the occupancy of the land by foreigners but the government had always rejected their applications.

Creative Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative Thinking - Essay Example Brainstorming has become part of every management problem solving issue and lateral thinking is now part of any well-rounded planning process. Human beings seem to be born with the capacity to think creatively. Children, in the guise of play, begin to form their personality and their mind sets very early on in life. They creatively experiment with their own limbs as well as with the world around them. It is believed that this creative process in children is one, among many, reasons they can develop skills more quickly than adults. Their capacity for language acquisition is never greater than before the age of eight. A flash of insight, a clever way to do something, a realization of some truth about ourselves--all signal the activation of the creative mind. We deploy its enormous potential for creating new solutions in our lives when we free ourselves from many of our automatic reactions, reeducate ourselves to speak in original ideas not slogans, suspend judgment, avoid arguments and ego battles, listen more attentively, and think in terms of options instead of one right way. (Albrecht, 2002, p. 39) As illustrated by Einstein’s example, our brains tend to think in imagery. Words and language are the process by which we communicate and we are often forgetful about using imagery and our imaginations. Thinking in words, according to most researchers, comes after the brain has associated imagery with those words. Pattern recognition, which are brains are expert at, kick in but often concepts can become so concrete in words that we leave ourselves no other way of looking at it. By deconstructing that process with techniques like brainstorming, random input or provocation, derails our usually linear thought processes into more creative avenues. In the present study, imaging ability had a significant influence on creativity. Good imagers scored significantly better than poor imagers on

Cyperethics Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Cyperethics - Article Example Explain this difference, and the role this difference plays in his theory. Also, make sure to explain how, according to Mill, one can tell whether a pleasure is higher or lower quality. When Mill says this, he refers to the existing difference between the amount of pleasure and the level of value each type of pleasure may have. In this case, quantity motivates some people to choose a certain pleasure while quality may motivate others to choose a different type of pleasure because of the value attached to it. He explains that, it is possible to determine pleasure of low or high quality (Mill, 2008). If a certain type of pleasure (P1) is preferred by people, irrespective of its low amount compared to a higher amount of a different pleasure (P2), then it means that P1 is of a higher value compared to P2. Mill refers to the argument of opponents of utilitarianism that utility is opposed to pleasure as an ignorant blunder. This is because it is evident that utilitarianism seeks to consider pleasure itself as well as a condition free of pain and does not oppose it (Mill, 2008). This is the reason why he considers it a measure of ignorance to claim that utilitarianism is against pleasure. 6. Kant argues that false promises (promises you have no intention of keeping) are morally wrong. Explain why he thinks they are wrong based on his first formulation of the Categorical Imperative (it is in bold on p. 24 from our excerpt). According to Kant’s first formulation of the categorical imperative, it is wrong to give false promises when one is aware that he or she may not fulfill them. This is because the formulation says â€Å"Act as though the maxim of your action were to become, through your will, a universal law of nature.† Since an individual wouldn’t want giving false promises to become a universal law of nature, he or she should focus on keeping promises as that would be a

A critical analysis of my clinical practice and reflection

A critical analysis of my clinical practice and reflection Introduction This assignment will discuss the development of my professional skills, learning opportunities, and activities that have developed and benefited my learning experiences. I will use reflection and referrer back to written work in my portfolio this will link the theory to practice and will show a continuous improvement in the knowledge and understanding that I have gained in previous placements, according to Beskine (2009) practice from clinical placements are fundamental in allowing students to put the theory learned at university into practice under the supervision of an experienced mentor. As registered nurse I must be able to justify any action or decision made, this can be seen throughout my portfolio as I have tried to justify any action or decision I have made through evidence based knowledge and research findings, according to Richards and Edward (2003) who have stated that public trust and confidence in the profession is dependant on its practitioners being seen to exercise their accountability to ensure that the interests of the patient is respected. The Quality Assurance Agency (1997) has defined a portfolio as a structured and supported process undertaken by an individual to reflect upon their own learning, performance and achievements when planning for their personal educational and career development. As a registered nurse my goals will be to further my life long learning and gain as many skills as possible to enable me to carry out my practice safely and with competence. The evidence of this shall be shown through the ongoing development of my portfolio, which will identify opportunities for growth in my personal and professional life. According to Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC) 2004, It is necessary to show motivation and commitment through the development and planning of your own learning. There will also be discussion on the clinical skills laboratories (CLS). Main Body The Students rational for choosing the topic of; compression bandaging for leg ulcers; was the shock, when she realised that the estimated cost to the NHS in managing leg ulcers is  £300-600 million a year. (Simon et al 2004) In the UK alone, it has been estimated that between 80,000 and 100,000 people will have had a leg ulcer at one time or another, with some remaining unhealed for more than 10 years. (Walker Adderly 2007). Managing leg ulcers also places a considerable drain on health resources, with district nursing spending between 25-50% of their time treating patients with leg ulcers (Casey 1999), according to Briggs and Closs (2003), a large part of the nurses workload especially in the community is taken up with this task, as people get older they are at increased risk of developing arterial and venous incompetence, which is the underlying cause of leg ulceration, improved life expectancy means the number of people with ulcers is likely to rise (Franks and Moffatt, 2007). The student noticed this more on her final 14 week management placement with the community nurses; half of her time spent with the nurses was taken up with changing compression bandages. Reflecting back, the student looked at her logs from first year [Appendix 1] and noticed that the treatment of leg ulcers has not changed dramatically in these past three years, but the students perception knowledge and understanding of this condition has. Reflection provides a framework upon which individuals can modify both perception and behaviour based upon experience (Dewey, 1933; Schà ¶n, 1983). It is also considered to be a central part of developing expertise (Sternberg, 1999). When the student first went to a community placement in 2nd year, she along with her mentor attended a patient with leg ulcers, [Appendice2] she assisted the nurse when she washed the patients leg, using tap water, the leg was dried and a mixture of 50%50 w/w cream; (Ointment containing 50% w/w Liquid Paraffin BP and 50% w/w White Soft Paraffin), was applied below the knee of the leg, then watched as the district nurse, applied a modified form of compression bandaging. The student and her classmates had practiced this procedure in CLS labs, week three, Care of the patient with chronic wounds; the labs are designed to ensure flexibility of use in providing an environment where clinical skills learning can be facilitated to support a diversity of clinical learning experiences and environments. Every year the NHS pays out about  £400 million in settlement of clinical negligence claims.   It is increasingly recognised that up to as much as 70 -80% of medical error could be attributed to poor technical skills; those most at risk of committing errors are inexperienced practitioners. Creating simulated scenarios allows us to practice our skills and make mistakes in a safe environment (Engle 2008). The nurse explained that there where different causes for the ulcers and also different dressings and compression therapies. The student also looked up the pathophysiology, and the psychological effects of the condition, linking theory to practice, reading journals and articles the student got an overview of the disease, failing venous valves lead to blood pooling in the veins. This is confirmed by the use of a Doppler ultrasound, which tests the flow of blood in the leg. Cells and fluid, from the blood leak into the surrounding tissue, causing oedema. Red blood cells, leak into the tissue and break down, resulting in brown staining of the skin known as, haemosiderin. Further tissue damage occurs when white blood cells clump together to cause inflammatory reactions. Congestion in the veins results in reduced blood flow. Tissues do not receive adequate nutrition and the skin becomes dry, flaky and itchy. Lipodermatosclerosis can also occur, caused by fibrosis of the fatty tissue, maki ng the leg hard and woody to touch, this makes the skin fragile and scratching or trauma may lead to ulceration of the leg and a chronic wound that could take weeks or months sometimes years to heal (Stud 2009). According to (RCN 2006), (SIGN 26, 1998) compression bandage therapy is the gold standard treatment for venous leg ulcers. The bandage types are classified depending on the degree of sub bandage pressure they exert on the limb, the highest pressure is up to 40mmHg at the ankle (resting pressure), gradually reducing to about 17mmHg just below the knee Anderson (2008). Achieving this healing depends mostly on the patients willingness to accept clinically effective care; many of the patients feel that they cannot carry on with the treatment as the compression bandaging is uncomfortable. The graduated compression starts with the highest pressure at the ankle, this squeezes the lower leg as the calf muscle changes shape on movement, but the muscle movement is constrained by the compression bandage with the effect of increasing the squeeze on the veins in the legs, as the muscle movement is concentrated inward and if the vein is relatively intact it will more likely close with the extra pressure from the compression (Anderson 2008). This movement may prevent the backflow of blood as the calf muscle is strong and the speed of the venous blood is increased it could mean that the white blood cells are less likely to clump together thus reducing inflammation in the blood vessel (Oduncu et al 2004). Using compression this way, will increase flow, reduce venous reflux and ankle oedema, therefore improving the microcirculation and encourage the healing process (Board and Harlow 2002). As the flow improves nutrients reaching the skin again will improve the sensitivity and dryness of the skin. The compression therapy is not a cure it may be a lifelong process where the patient has to be properly supported. The patients psychological wellbeing is also monitored, (Jones et al 2008), studies carried out show that patients with chronic leg ulcers suffer from depression and feel socially isolated, they restrict their social lives because of the exudates and odour leaking through the bandages. In many cases the ulcer will heal with relative ease once the oedema is under control approximately 12 weeks (Moffat et al 1992). Larger ulcers may take months or years to heal, (Palfreyman et al 2007) effective treatment should help reduce the symptoms and quality of life for the patients, this is why a holistic approach is needed to ensure the patients psychological needs are also met; this in turn may encourage compliance on the patients part. The student is now in her final placement which is back in the community, she has her own case load of four patients. One of these patients has a leg ulcer, she wears compression stockings, while this is not a chronic ulcer great care still has to be taken, as the recurrence rate of venous ulcers is high, hosiery helps to reduce the risk and prolongs the time in a healed state (Bradley 2001). The student also went out with the district nurse who is mentoring her, she allowed her, under her direct supervision to wash and apply the dressings to one of her clients who has a chronic leg ulcer, it is recognised that students must be given opportunities to participate in various clinical skills, the NMC (2006) requires mentors to be able to support student nurses develop nursing competencies, while being professionally accountable for the student, and also provide support and assessment while on placement. Prior to undertaking the wound dressing, the student had to demonstrate an appreciation of the theoretical and practical aspects underpinning the procedure of compression bandaging to the mentor. This was done by the student reading journals on wound care, looking up articles on the internet, and then discussing them with her mentor. The clients consent was given, this allowed the student to carry out the procedure. The student read the last entry in the care plan to see what dressings where used previously. Then she gathered all the equipment that she would need, Towels, cream, water, a dressing depending on how bad the leg would depend on what dressing was used. The bandaging comes in kit form and is priced according to size from  £5.65 to  £10.58 (Scottish drug tariff 2007). Reading the care plan the student knew that this patient has had a chronic venous leg ulcer, for about 6 weeks, the measurements were taken at every dressing change to see if the ankle circumference has changed due to the reduction of oedema. The leg was stripped down, it was very wet and smelly, the dirty dressing then went into the bag provided and disposed of in the bin. The leg was washed with Epaderm Cream, this is very effective in moisturising the leg it counteracts the loss of essential oils from the skin. As the student knew that her mentor was going to ask her to perform the task, she looked up her reflective diaries in her portfolio and read back on them to see how she carried out the procedure then, and how she felt about carrying them out. According to Redfern and Hull (1997), portfolios offer an important contribution in the form of a step-by-step method that reflects practice. The student had written an account of her past experience in the first year log, as she had not used a model of reflection it was difficult to remember how she felt carrying out the procedure, she did describe the task well enough but the feeling and evaluation would have been useful, how did she feel about the task, was the wound really odorous, was the patient satisfied with the outcome, would she have carried out the procedure the same way, coming back to the present task the action plan would have been very handy. Gibbs model for reflection (1988), the student has applied this model to most of her work throughout the three years of placements, but at the beginning of her training she did not, she now realises that using models of reflection in essays and practice portfolios gives written evidence that shows critical thinking, and relates theory to practice. Using the six stages of Gibbs reflective model, description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion, action plan, by using this model the student can analyse her learning experience, and present this as evidence against NMC standards. The student also looked out and read tissue viability journals and wound supplements and searched the internet for wound care information. Current governmental policies have called for all professional groups to work within a framework of evidence-based practice (EBP) which is underpinned by continuing professional development. The essence of all this is to ensure that all health care professionals operate within a framework of clinical governance that assures clinical competence and provision of quality health care. (Basford and Slevin, 2003). Once the leg was washed and dried a hydrocolloid dressing was applied, this helps absorb some of the exudates, the student then applied the wool padding using a simple spiral technique with a 50% overlap, this helps to protect bony prominences and pads the ankle out. The third step is a light conforming bandage, the foot is flexed to 90 degrees and the bandage is applied from the toes to the knees also using a simple spiral technique with a 50% overlap. The forth step is applying the cohesive bandage, the student made sure the mentor was happy with what was done so far before carrying on she also asked the patient if he was alright, then keeping the foot flexed to a 90 degree angle the bandage was applied with a 50% overlap and a 50% stretch, ensuring the heel was completely covered. The student felt cautious about carrying out the final stage of this procedure because of the implication, for instance if the dressing was too tight it may cause trauma to the leg, but the mentor supervised all the way through the procedure, when the bandaging was finished the student felt that she had carried the task to the best of her ability, there was a feeling of satisfaction the bandage looked neat and secure the patient offered no complaints. When the student had asked his consent he told her that he would say immediately if he felt uncomfortable, because of the exudates the bandage would only be on for two days not a week as is the usual time in between dressing. The patient will be holistically re-assessed each week and his progress recorded, the student filled in the patients care plan and her mentor countersigned, as a student nurse preparing to register with the NMC you have both a legal and professional duty of care. This should be demonstarted in your ability to keep a record and full account of any assessment and care that you have planned for or provided (NMC 2004). The student didnt think she could have done any better, she was pleased that he mentor allowed her to carry out this procedure, a little weary about the 50% overlap and stretching the bandage, but was confident in her practice, the task went smoothly. The student will continue to reflect and study leg ulcers and compression bandaging to further her knowledge. The mentor observed the student performing the task, under direct supervision, she assessed that the student was working to the correct and appropriate standard for her level of training, this will be recorded in the students assessment practice record and signed. While in practice mentors are assessing students against the NMC standards of proficiency, they are not only assessing their practical skills, but their knowledge levels and attitudes which underpin their practice (Richards and Edwards 2003). Conclusion In this assignment I have disscused the learning opportunities and the activities that have helped develope my professional development in the area of compression bandaging for the care of leg ulcers. I have shown that reflection and reference to previous work and teaching materials have developed my skills, confidence, knowledge and intuition in the care of managing leg ulcers and applying the appropriate dressings and therefore linking my theory to practice. I have shown the ability to justify reasoning for any actions or decisions which I make through evidence based practice, knowledge and research findings. For my professional development and future practice I will continue to futher my life-long learning and gain as many skillls as possible to enable me to carry out my practice safely and with competence. The evidence of this shall be shown through the ongoing development of my portfolio which will identify opportunities for growth in my personal and professional life.

Media Use of Stereotypes Essay -- Media Stereotypes Stereotyping

Media Use of Stereotypes We live in a world of technological innovation where mass media is a major part of us today. People make assumptions on what they hear. They do not try to analyze the situation to see who is right and who is wrong, and mass media is the main source of manipulating one's mind. The concept of propaganda has changed over time. Propagandists create ideas stereotypically through the use of propaganda and use media to promote it and target people's minds to have influence on their views towards a certain group of people. These ideas create negative or positive images in the intended audience's minds. However, it is notable that the information is only the one that is exemplified through media and therefore, can be wrong or changed than what reality is. Different stereotypes work well in propaganda with the help of propaganda tactics through the use of political campaigns and commercial advertising exposed by mass media. Many critics define propaganda differently; however, there is a general agreement that propaganda is concerned with influencing opinions (Cole, 1998). The word propaganda has many other synonyms such as big lie, persuasion, brainwashing, disinformation, etc. Propaganda is not a realistic portrayal of an issue; rather it is something that is changed to manipulate the intended public. Propaganda is the aim to change people's views about an issue and the way these aims are intended on the targeted audience is the way propaganda is presented, especially through mass media. Evidently, people strongly tend to select the media, which carry contents with which they already agree (Jackall, 1995). Media tends to produce what they know people will like to hear. On the other hand, people make ce... ...hat how much of the information they consume reflects reality and therefore, propagandists benefit by creating stereotypical views, which work well in portraying propaganda. WORK CITED "Definitions of Propaganda." Ed. Robert Cole. The Encyclopedia of Propaganda. 3 vols. New York: Sharpe Reference , 1998. "Do The Math." FIRST For Women On The Go 19 Apr. 2004: n. pag. Johnston, Carla B. Screened Out - How The Media Control Us & What We Can Do About It. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, Inc, 2000. 23-24. LaRose, Robert, and Joseph Straubhaar. Media Now - Understanding Media, Culture and Technology. 4th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth Thomson Learning, 2004. 379. Propaganda. Ed. Robert Jackall. New York: New York UP, 1995. 89. Ryan, John, and William M. Wentworth. Media & Society - The Production of Culture in the Mass Media. Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon, 1999. 52.

Early Racism in Disney Movies Essay

Disney’s early work has always had a hint of racism in them, I recently watched Disney’s Fantasia released in 1942 was edited and remade because of a very racist scene. I watched a scene where there are many colorful centaurs, male and female; they are frolicking through like a forest. When the lady centaurs notice the males there are little baby cupids that come down and are getting them all dolled up for the male centaurs. Every male is matched up with their matching color centaurs the scene ends with every centaur and their mate flirting and having a ball. The part that was cut out was one little black centaur a girl with barrettes in her hair. She was wiping the hooves of the other centaurs and brushing their hair while the little baby cupids, she had no mate she was just a little servant.(Cite here) We all know the story of Pocahontas; a lot of people only know the Disney version. The movie does have some truth to it but is definitely racist. John Smith a colonist coming to find the new world, a very stunning, kind young man. (Cite #4) traveling with his men and of course Governor Radcliff, with his ugly little pug and very opinionated, a man who is not afraid to share his morals to the world. He was probably the most racist character referring to Native American Americans as savages and uncivilized, and the only reason he is coming to the new world is because he wants gold and to become wealthy. (cite #4) now this part of history is dead on, the settlers did not want to make friends and start a new life in a new place, they wanted gold and land, and they didn’t care for native Americans to much. (Cite here) There is even a song called â€Å"Savages† a very very racist song about natives. Like it wasn’t enough to call them savages they go on to say things like â€Å"They’re not like you and me. Which means they must be evil We must sound the drums of war!† because natives did not speak or dress like the settlers; but that’s not all they call them â€Å"Redskin Devils† and say â€Å"they’re barely even human† with Radcliff saying things like â€Å"What can you expect. From filthy little heathens? Here’s what you get when races are diverse (That’s right). Their skin’s a hellish red. They’re only good when dead. They’re vermin, as I said.† (Cite #4) this song is a song I sang as kid never knowing what I was singing, like it was so wrong for a culture to be different, is this what Disney is teaching our children? That anything that is different cannot be trusted or even given a chance. Disney movies have always had racism in their movies but the one movie that had the most obvious racism would have to be Disney’s Song of the South. The Song of the South, one of Disney’s most controversial movies ever made, racism, stereotyping, and ignorance galore. The Song of the South was aired at the Fox Theater in Atlanta, Georgia in 1946, over 64 years ago. (Cite #1)Walt Disney’s animation empire wasn’t doing so good finically and decided he wanted to a movie based on a childhood book he read as a kid. (Cite #2) a story about an old Negro, who tells stories to a young white boy the stories of uncle Remus (Cite #2).The animation was based on stories told by an old African American man, Uncle Remus about a Mr. Rabbit and Mr. Fox, the same plot, as the book with very similar characters, and the same message. The message that a lot of people got was that slavery was being glorified. The angriest was the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) they were the most offended. They had many concerns with the entire film; they didn’t want people thinking that this how slavery wa s. (Cite #3) In this movie Uncle Remus, played by James Baskett (cite #1) was an old Negro who lives in Georgia on a plantation. He is not like normal slaves, he comes and goes as he pleases, and he loves his life on the plantation. He sings songs like Let the Rain Pour Down with lyrics like â€Å"Let the rain pour down, let the cold wind blow Gonna stay right here in the home I know (Trouble fly away fly away). When you’re achin’ with the mis’ry, and you’re old and gray, (headin’, headin’) Then you’d better be thankful that He let you stay;† which means that even though they made us come here and do this hard work we still should be thankful for what they do actually let us have, like a place to stay. (Cite #1) to add even more fuel to the fire Disney thought it would be a good idea to premier this movie in Atlanta, a very segregated city at the time, the stars of the movie James Brackett, uncle Remus and Hattie McDaniel his wife Aunty Tempy would not even be allowed to sit in the same seats as the white dignitaries. Their own Governor made statements like â€Å"I was raised among niggers and I understand them. I want to see them treated fairly and I want them to have justice in the courts. But I want to deal with the nigger this way: he must come to my back door, take off his hat and say, ‘Yes, sir'† (Bernstein 233). (Cite #2) even still  Disney claims they were not in a racist state of mind. (Cite #2) this movie will go down in history as probably the most blantaly racist movie Disney has ever made. Disney does not have anything to say about theses animations, they have become one of those things people just don’t talk about anymore. Even though a lot of these racist movies are still popular today, and are being remade and rereleased. Disney is still very successful business even with these very rough patches in the beginning and majority of children and parents in the world really do enjoy Disney, but does that mean we should just disregard their mistakes and stereotypical movies, should we just pretend that these movies have offended and will continue to offending races without any concern for people they offend?

The War On Drugs Essays - Drug Control Law, War On Drugs

The War On Drugs Essays - Drug Control Law, War On Drugs The War On Drugs War On Drugs In todays society, the war on drugs has become a major issue in our cities and the business community. Many cities have started programs to make the situation better, but some have failed and the situation has become worse. The root of all the problems discussed in this case study, can be linked to drugs. There are many organizations and volunteer community groups as well as law enforcement, that are continuously trying to make our cities safe. This struggle is know globally as the War on Drugs. Drugs and Children The war on drugs is a very big part of our society. We face difficult decisions everyday dealing with drugs and how they affect our cities. Our children play a big role in that society, and they are a major factor on the war against drugs. We try to keep children away from the drug situation, but you cannot isolate them forever. Children will have to face the issue as they get older, or even while they are young. We must teach our children about the issues on drugs and make sure they are aware of the dealings that go on. Most children cannot speak to their parents about drugs, and those are the children who are usually doing drugs. If children cannot be open with their parents, they will find some other means of dealing with drug issues. History Nearly thirty years ago, the Nixon administration was the first administration to declare the war on drugs. President Nixon is credited with setting up the first methadone centers and abstinence programs cross the country. At the time these programs received two-thirds of the federal drug budget and the results were: crime rates fell and fewer people died of overdose. The Just Say No movement (led by first lady Nancy Reagan) was coupled with rigorous law enforcement and produced solid results. By 1992, for example, marijuana use by high school students had dropped significantly (http://ehostvgw15.epnet.com). The Controlled Substances Act (CSA), Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, is the legal foundation of the government's fight against the abuse of drugs and other substances. This law is a consolidation of numerous laws regulating the manufacture and distribution of narcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, anabolic steroids, and chemicals used in the illicit production of controlled substances. (usdoj.gov/dea/briefingbook/page9.htm) Drug Enforcement Agency The mission of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is to enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States and bring to the criminal and civil justice system of the United States, or any other competent jurisdiction, those organizations and principal members of organizations, involved in the growing, manufacture, or distribution of controlled substances appearing in or destined for illicit traffic in the United States; and to recommend and support non-enforcement programs aimed at reducing the availability of illicit controlled substances on the domestic and international markets. (usdoj.gov/dea/briefingbook/page2.htm). The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) was formed as a specialized branch of the justice department in 1973. This specialized bureau is on the front lines of the War on Drugs every day. The DEA is not only concerned with assisting local law enforcement, but a global policing as well. Drugs in the Workplace Many chambers of commerce throughout the nation have put Drug-Free Workplace programs into effect. The drug-free workplace program addresses not only issues in the business community, but the society as well. Statistics show that 70 percent of illegal drug users are employed, and 44 percent of drug users sell drugs to co-workers (http://ehostvgw6.epnet.com). The U.S. Department of Labor estimates that drug use in the workplace costs employers $75 billion to $100 billion annually in lost time. Sixty-five percent of all accidents on the job are directly related to drugs. Substance abusers are absent three times more often and use 16 times as many health care benefits as non-abusers (http://ehastvgw6.epnet.com). Many companies are aware of the drug problems within the office and are taking action to fix the situation. There are companies that have drug-screening test to employees to make sure that they are not using drug substances. The company must have a suspicion of that employee of using the drugs before giving the drug test. In the

Freeing the Slaves-Lincoln essays

Freeing the Slaves-Lincoln essays Many Americans expect President Abraham Lincoln to personally abolished slavery. But a President cannot simply pick up a pencil and draw a plan to completly do away with slavery. Yet this is the common assumption of many Americans today. Legally, slavery is where slaves are the property of other people. The Constitution states that, nobody can be deprived of their property without "due process of law" meaning a legislative act. Congress does not have the power to pass a law outlawing slavery. Lincoln acknowledged this in his first inaugural address. The Constitution has to be amended before Congress can have authority over slavery. The Emancipation Proclamation does not apply to slaves that are in states remaining within the Union. So technically President Lincoln isnt really "freeing the slaves" because not all slaves are going to be free. The slaves in the Confederacy arent going to benefit from this, of course. The recent Emancipation Proclamation was a limited yet complex. It brilliantly redefined that the Civil War is about slavery rather than secession. Lincoln is an inspirational man and should be remarked for his wonderful work to make America what it is today. The United States would never be where it is today without the wonderful work of this great man. Slavery is a sensitive subject to many people and is nothing to take lightly. For some people it is their heritage and for others it is their worst nightmare. No matter what the outcome of the war is, it goes to show that no one person can completely abolish slavery not even the president. ...

Maria Montessoris work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Maria Montessoris work - Essay Example Her methods are so popular that they are in use today in nearly every industrialized nation. In 1896 Maria Montessori became the first Italian woman to become a Doctor of Medicine. She then worked at a psychiatric clinic with mentally handicapped children. She became interested in ways to improve the mental capabilities and performance of these children. Her methods were so promising that she was then named the head of an entire school for mentally handicapped children in Rome. She was so successful using her own special equipment that her children were able to learn so much that they were able to pass tests created for 'normal' children. In 1906 she was "promoted to working with disorderly children in a very poor section of Rome. With her same new equipment, she produced the same results as she had with the mentally handicapped children. Here she noticed that when the children chose and worked with the equipment themselves, they were extremely focused on the task. Out of this grew the Montessori Method, which stresses giving the child freedom in his own educational process (Botsford, 1993). One of the main tenets of Maria Montessori's educational reform was the idea that the child operates in far different ways than the adult. Thus, research into the development of the child was paramount in developing and justifying her programs. She concluded that the child's mind develops differently at different ages. She calls the age of birth to six years as that of the Absorbent Mind. From birth to age three the child simply absorbs his environment unconsciously and begins constructing his conscious mind from there (Botsford, 1993). From age three to age six, the child begins to construct his personality, which Montessori claims, depends upon an "environment in which he or she can act and learn freely, without adult intervention" (Botsford, 1993, p.3). Further, Montessori describes several periods of the child's growth that become sensitive periods during which the "child is capable of extraordinary leaps in learning of different skills and bodies of knowledge. It is essential that the child should be able to maximise his or her potential during these sensitive periods, in order to develop as a full human being" (Botsford, 1993, p.3). In order to do this effectively, Montessori began to research child psychology and psychoanalysis. Because most child psychology researchers of the time stressed observation as a key element in learning about the distinct nature of the child, she began observing children as they played and learned. One book was particularly influential in nurturing Montessori's theories; it was Donald Hebb's 1949 "The Organization of Behavior. This book concluded that the richness of the early environment significantly aided in developing skills in adult problem solving (Lilliard, 1972). Also instrumental in Montessori's research was Freidrich Froebel, a scientist who advanced the idea that every child had the potential to use his environment as a means of developing emotions and of learning (Lilliard, 1972). Froebel urged educators to dismiss the idea of educating young children formall and instead allow them to play and develop holistically. Dissatisfaction with current pressures to introduce chil dren to formal learning at an early age has led to a growth of interest in the ideas of Froebel and of other pioneers who wanted to preserve childhood as a time for play and holistic development (Froebel, 2006). Thus, the curriculum at a

Entry Strategies and Exporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Entry Strategies and Exporting - Essay Example Consequently, the firm stands at the threshold of the next step which is taking its operations to the international level, studies both academic and market based have shown that the demand for quality but affordable clothing in parts of Europe and Asia is increasing and this is opportunity that M and W can profitably exploit. Given its expansive scale of production at home it has considerable economics of scale and therefore it can afford to confront new markets with lower prices. In addition the firm has a great deal of experience which is evinced by the many years of production behind it in addition to the obvious market dominance which has been forged through strategic thinking and experience. Notwithstanding, before making the commitment to venture into internationalization, the firm should take to account several factors, more so the advantages and disadvantages of this move. This is important because by making such considerations, it can be aptly placed to develop an open minded and critical strategic plan. Besides, no matter how practical or natural any business move may appear, the manager should first ensure that they are aware of the underling advantages and disadvantages so they can strategize with both in mind. The entry of a company into international business is takes two forms, it can venture indirectly when forced by circumstances or when the directors order that the firm should purchase or sell from foreign sources. On the other hand it could be direct in which case the company deliberately makes a move which in most cases is preceded by reconnaissance into the new market. Whichever the case, before a firm ventures into the import export business, they needs must carefully asses the disadvantages and advantages. The firm in question is interested in the latter model since the decision to export is one that has been done deliberately and indeed the primary objectives of these paper are geared towards establishing the strategic